Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association by The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association is the style manual of choice for writers, editors, students, and educators in the social and behavioural sciences. It provides invaluable guidance on all aspects of the writing process, from the ethics of authorship to the word choice that best reduces bias in language. Well-known for its authoritative and easy-to-use reference and citation system, the Publication Manual also offers guidance on choosing the headings, tables, figures and tone that will result in strong, simple, and elegant scientific communication. The Sixth Edition offers new and expanded instruction on publication ethics, statistics, journal article reporting standards, electronic reference formats, and the construction of tables and figures. The Sixth Edition has been revised and updated to include new ethics guidance on such topics as determining authorship and terms of collaboration, duplicate publication, plagiarism and self-plagiarism, disguising of participants, validity of instrumentation, and making data available to others for verification; new journal article reporting standards to help readers report empirical research with clarity and precision; simplified APA heading style to make it more conducive to electronic publication; updated guidelines for reducing bias in language to reflect current practices and preferences, including a new section on presenting historical language that is inappropriate by present standards; new guidelines for reporting inferential statistics and a significantly revised table of statistical abbreviations new instruction on using supplemental files containing lengthy data sets and other media; significantly expanded content on the electronic presentation of data to help readers understand the purpose of each kind of display and choose the best match for communicating the results of the investigation, with new examples for a variety of data displays, including electrophysiological and biological data; consolidated information on all aspects of reference citations, with an expanded discussion of electronic sources emphasising the role of the digital object identifier (DOI) as a reliable way to locate information; and expanded discussion of the publication process, including the function and process of peer review; a discussion of ethical, legal, and policy requirements in publication; and guidelines on working with the publisher while the article is in press. Key to this edition of the Publication Manual is an updated and expanded Web presence. Visit the APA Style web site to Look up additional supplemental material keyed to the book Test your knowledge of APA Style with a free tutorial on style basics Learn about the changes in the sixth edition with a free tutorial reviewing key revisions Sign up for an on-line course to enrich and enhance your understanding of APA Style Read the APA Style blog and share your comments on writing and referencing Consult frequently asked questions to sharpen your understanding of APA Style Examine additional resources on such topics as ethics, statistics, and writing Familiarise yourself with submission standards for APA books and journals What''s New in the Sixth Edition? Book has been updated to acknowledge and incorporate advances in computer technology. New discussions of the creation, submission, and storage of supplemental data. New guidelines for referencing electronic sources. New and expanded reference examples for a variety of on-line sources. Redesigned APA Style website, expanded to provide tutorials, on-line courses, and other resources for learning APA style. Book has been reorganised and streamlined for ease of use Organised to describe the writing process from idea to publication, it begins with background information on ethical issues in publishing, then moves on to manuscript structure and content, then writing style and rules, then graphics and references, then guidance on working with the publisher. Sample paper section has been moved up and featured to better exemplify manuscript structure and content Like discussions have been moved to one place in the book, with discussions of function followed by instruction on form. Focus has been broadened to include readers in the behavioural and social sciences. Information specific to APA has been moved to the web, where it is more broadly accessible and can be updated frequently. New examples throughout the book have been drawn from publications in education, business, and nursing as well as psychology.
An EasyGuide to APA Style by This clear and concise book is designed to demystify the process of writing in APA style and format. With precise examples (both writing examples and Microsoft Word screenshots), An EasyGuide to APA Style 2e points out common APA style and formatting mistakes and how to avoid them. The book also provides an overview of the style and formatting changes for the 6th edition of the APA Publication Manual, providing detailed examples and complete sample student papers written to conform to APA format. The authors illustrate not only how to write using APA style, but also what writing in APA style really looks like when your paper is complete. Written in a conversational and clear style, this guide will help anyone find their way through the maze of rules in the APA Publication Manual and become proficient in learning the fine points of APA style. The second edition of the EasyGuide contains additional writing tips and expanded discussions in each chapter. In particular, chapter 5 on plagiarism has been expanded to include more detail on topics like when and how to paraphrase appropriately and when to quote directly from a source. Also, the new edition provides examples from the latest version of Microsoft Word, Word 2010.APA Style has different rules for how to format in-text citation and reference list entries, depending on how many people wrote the document being referenced.
In-text: Provide all the authors' names in all in-text citations
Reference list: Provide all the authors' names in the reference list
In-text: Provide all the authors' names in your first in-text citation, then the first author's name and et al. in subsequent citations.
Reference list: Provide all the authors' names in the reference list
In-text: Provide the first author's name and et al. in all in-text citations.
Reference list: Provide the first six authors' name, then . . . then the last author's name
A referencing style is a standard way of structuring and formatting references for publishing. At MIT, the School of Business uses APA Style, formulated by the American Psychological Association (APA), and widely used across many disciplines.
Use the tabs in the box below to see some examples of APA Style referencing.
In text
According to Al-Emran, Mezhuyev, Kamaludin, and Shaalan (2018), knowledge management processes can be positively linked to business information systems.
Reference list formula
Author, A., & Author, B. (year). Article title. Title of Journal, vol.(no.), pp-pp. URL or DOI
Reference list
Al-Emran, M., Mezhuyev, V., Kamaludin, A., & Shaalan, K. (2018). The impact of knowledge management processes on information systems: A systematic review. International Journal of Information Management, 43(Dec2018), 173-187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2018.08.001
Don't forget to create hanging indents for your reference lists. Select the reference and press Control+T on Windows or Command+T on Mac
In text
Additionally, Wachter-Boettcher (2017) examines the way different skin tones are perceived by AI systems developed by exclusively white teams.
Reference list formula
Author, A. (year). Title of book. Location: Publisher.
Reference list
Wachter-Boettcher, S. (2017). Technically wrong: Sexist apps, biased algorithms, and other threats of toxic tech. New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Company.
NOTE: Publisher states are only required for USA publishers. For outside the USA, just use the city and the country (eg. Frenchs Forest, Australia; London, England).
Don't forget to create hanging indents for your reference lists. Select the reference and press Control+T on Windows or Command+T on Mac
In text
Stegmaier (2015) provides some fundamental rules that everyone looking to crowdfund their next project should follow.
Reference list example
Author. (year). Title of book [version]. URL or DOI
Reference list
Stegmaier, J. (2015). A crowdfunder’s strategy guide [Safari ebook]. Retrieved from https://www.safaribooksonline.com/library/view/a-crowdfunders strategy/9781626564107/xhtml/ch004.html
Don't forget to create hanging indents for your reference lists. Select the reference and press Control+T on Windows or Command+T on Mac
In text
In contrast, science students have more specialised information needs (Berman, 2013).
Reference list formula
Author. (year). Chapter title. In A. Editor (Ed.), Book title (pp. xx-xx). Location: Publisher.
Reference list
Berman, E. (2013). Scientific literacy. In P. Ragains (Ed.), Information literacy instruction that works: A guide to teaching by discipline and student population (2nd ed. pp. 217-228). Chicago, IL: American Library Association.
Don't forget to create hanging indents for your reference lists. Select the reference and press Control+T on Windows or Command+T on Mac
Use this format if your source is readable online in HTML format.
In text
Employees should talk to management regarding their physical activity needs at work (Heart Foundation, n.d.).
Reference list formula
Author. (year). Title of webpage. Retrieved from URL
Reference list
Heart Foundation. (n.d.). Active workplaces. Retrieved from https://www.heartfoundation.org.au/active-living/active-workplaces
Don't forget to create hanging indents for your reference lists. Select the reference and press Control+T on Windows or Command+T on Mac
Use this format if your source is available as a downloadable file, such as a PDF.
In text
According to Cancer Council NSW (2013), fast food chains that signed on to the voluntary Australian Quick Service Restaurant Industry (QSRI) Initiative for Responsible Advertising and Marketing to Children are still advertising during children's programming.
Reference list formula
Author. (year). Title of document. Retrieved from URL
Reference list
Cancer Council NSW. (2013). Fast food: Exposing the truth. Retrieved from https://www.cancercouncil.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/Fast-Food-Exposing-the-Truth-22-February-2013.pdf
Don't forget to create hanging indents for your reference lists. Select the reference and press Control+T on Windows or Command+T on Mac
In text
There are four major negotiation strategies, with win-win being the one most likely to lead to a happy ending for all parties (Muskat, 2019).
Reference list formula
Author, A. (year). Title of lecture [file type]. Retrieved from URL
Reference list
Muskat, M. (2019). BB101 Business Communication: Lecture five - Negotiation and conflict management [PowerPoint presentation]. Retrieved from https://moodle.mit.edu.au/mod/resource/view.php?id=172783
Don't forget to create hanging indents for your reference lists. Select the reference and press Control+T on Windows or Command+T on Mac
We know that we should insert a reference when we use another person's:
but what does that mean?
It means that when another person (like a lecturer or tutor) reads our work, they can ask "how do you know that?" and be pointed to the source of information that we used, as shown below.
Body of document
APA Style is an author-date system of referencing (American Psychological Association, 2009). In APA Style, in-text citations include the author's name and date (McAdoo, 2017), which point readers to the relevant reference list entry, ordered alphabetically. This is in contrast to IEEE Style, which is a numerical system that uses numbers in square brackets to perform the same function (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 2018).
References
American Psychological Association. (2009). Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. (2018). IEEE Reference Guide. Retrieved from https://ieeeauthorcenter.ieee.org/wp-content/uploads/IEEE-Reference-Guide.pdf
McAdoo, T. (2017). References versus citations. Retrieved from https://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2017/09/references-versus-citations.html
Munroe, R. (n.d.). Wikipedian protester. Retrieved from https://xkcd.com/285/